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Pediatric emergency triage systems
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Simon Junior, Hany

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Sukys, Graziela de Almeida

; Farhat, Sylvia Costa Lima

Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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2023, Volume 41 elocation e2021038

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão narrativa dos principais sistemas de triagem pediátrica nos serviços de emergência. Fontes de dados: Artigos publicados entre 1999 e 2019, obtidos por meio de busca nos bancos de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Embase e PubMed usando as palavras-chave “pediatric triage”, “pediatric assessment tools” e “emergency department triage”, com ênfase em estudos que avaliaram a validação e a confiabilidade desses sistemas. Síntese dos dados: Foram avaliados 105 artigos sobre sistemas de triagem na emergência pediátrica de 12 países. Os sistemas de triagem foram divididos em dois grupos: estratificados por cores e de alerta. Os sistemas de triagem com estratificação por cores incluídos nesta revisão foram: Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), Manchester Triage System (MTS), Emergency Severity Index (ESI) e Australian Triage Scale (ATS). Os sistemas de alerta incluídos foram: Paediatric Observation Priority Score (POPS), Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) e Pediatric Approach Triangle (PAT). Há evidências que corroboram a validade e a confiabilidade do MTS, PedCTAS, ESI v.4, PEWS, POPS e PAT em serviços de emergência de pediátricos. Conclusões: Os sistemas de triagem são ferramentas fundamentais para o atendimento de pacientes que procuram serviços de emergência. Nem todos os sistemas de triagem foram avaliados para validação e confiabilidade nem se aplicam a todas as regiões do mundo. Para a aplicação de sistemas de triagem no Brasil, devem ser feitos adaptação cultural e treinamento do estafe de saúde local, bem como estudos de validação e confiabilidade em nosso país, dado o seu contexto social e cultural diferente daquele dos países onde essas ferramentas foram desenvolvidas.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of the leading pediatric triage systems in emergency departments (EDs). Data source: Articles published between 1999 and 2019 were identified by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed databases using the keywords “pediatric triage”, “pediatric assessment tools”, and “emergency department triage” with an emphasis on studies that evaluated the validation and reliability of triage systems. Data synthesis: A total of 105 articles on pediatric emergency triage systems in 12 countries were evaluated. Triage systems were divided into two groups: color-stratified triage systems and alert systems. The color-stratified triage systems included in this review were the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), Manchester Triage System (MTS), Emergency Severity Index (ESI), and Australasian Triage Scale (ATS), and the alert systems included were the Paediatric Observation Priority Score (POPS), Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS), and Pediatric Approach Triangle (PAT). Evidence corroborates the validity and reliability of MTS, PaedCTAS, ESI version 4, PEWS, POPS, and PAT in pediatric emergency services. Conclusions: These are fundamental tools for risk classification of patients seeking treatment in EDs. Not all triage systems have been assessed for validity and reliability; nor are they well suited for all regions of the world. Employing triage systems in Brazil requires cultural adaptation and rigorous training of the local health staff, in addition to validation and reliability studies in our country, since the social and cultural context of this country differs from those where these tools were developed.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021038

Analysis of death in children not submitted to cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Leite, Márcia Marques

; Bello, Fernanda Paixão Silveira

; Sakano, Tânia Miyuki Shimoda

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Costa Reis, Amélia Gorete Afonso da

Jornal de Pediatria

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Set 2022, Volume 98 Nº 5 Páginas 477 - 483

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Objective Describe the epidemiology of deaths in children not submitted to CPR, compare to a CPR group and evaluate patients’ medical records of those not submitted to CPR. Methods Observational cross-sectional study assessing deaths between 2015 and 2018 in a pediatric tertiary hospital, divided into two groups: CPR and no- CPR. The source of data included the cardiorespiratory arrest register, based on Utstein style. Children's medical records in no-CPR group were researched by hand. Results 241 deaths were included, 162 in CPR group and 79 in the no-CPR group. Preexisting diseases were observed in 98.3% of patients and prior advanced intervention in 78%. Of the 241 deaths, 212 (88%) occurred in the PICU, being 138/162 (85.2%) in CPR group and 74/79 (93.7%) in no-CPR group (p= 0.018). Bradycardia as the initial rhythm was five times more frequent in the CPR group (OR 5.06, 95% CI 1.94-13,19). There was no statistically significant difference regarding age, gender, preexisting diseases, and period of the day of the occurrence of death. Medical records revealed factors related to the family decision-making process or the suitability of therapeutic effort. Discrepancies between the practice of CPR and medical records were identified in 9/79 (11,4%) records allocated to the no-CPR group. Conclusion Most deaths with CPR and with the no-CPR occurred in the PICU. Bradycardia as the initial rhythm was five times more frequent in the CPR group. Medical records reflected the complexity of the decision not to perform CPR. Discrepancies were identified between practice and medical records in the no-CPR group.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.12.008

SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus infections: are there differences in clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities, and outcomes in the pediatric population?
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Pereira, Maria Fernanda Bádue

; Suguita, Priscila

; Litvinov, Nadia

; Farhat, Sylvia Costa Lima

; Paula, Camila Sanson Yoshino de

; Lázari, Carolina dos Santos

; Bedê, Pedro Vale

; Framil, Juliana Valeria de Souza

; Bueno, Catarina

; Branas, Priscila Cristina Abduch Adas

; Guimarães, Irina Monteiro da Costa

; Leite, Marcia Marques

; Navega, Ana Carolina Barsaglini

; Nanbu, Danilo Yamamoto

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Pinho, João Renato Rebello

; Silva, Clovis Artur Almeida

; Marques, Heloisa Helena de Sousa

; Eisencraft, Adriana Pasmanik

; Rossi Jr, Alfio

; Delgado, Artur Figueiredo

; Leal, Gabriela Nunes

; Gibelli, Maria Augusta Cicaroni

; Palmeira, Patricia

; Sakita, Neusa Keico

; Santos, Emilly Henrique dos

; Rocha, Mussya Cisotto

; Kanunfre, Kelly Aparecida

; Okay, Thelma Suely

; Carneiro-Sampaio, Magda

; Carvalho, Werther Brunow de

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2022, Volume 64 elocation e34

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses in pediatric patients. Between April 17 and September 30, 2020, we collected 1,566 respiratory samples from 1,044 symptomatic patients who were younger than 18 years old to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these, 919 were analyzed for other respiratory pathogens (ORP). Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or ORP were included. We evaluated 76 pediatric COVID-19 infections and 157 other respiratory virus infections. Rhinovirus occurred in 132/157 (84%). COVID-19 patients who were significantly older, had more fevers, headaches and pneumonia than those with ORP. The median white blood cell count was lower in patients with SARS-CoV-2 than in those with ORP (6,470 versus 8,170; p=0.02). COVID-19 patients had significantly worse symptoms than those with ORP.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202264034

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 from the pediatric emergency physician's point of view
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Simon Junior, Hany

; Sakano, Tania Miyuki Shimoda

; Rodrigues, Regina Maria

; Eisencraft, Adriana Pasmanik

; Carvalho, Vitor Emanoel Lemos de

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Reis, Amelia Gorete Afonso da Costa

Jornal de Pediatria

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Abr 2021, Volume 97 Nº 2 Páginas 140 - 159

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Objective: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a rare and challenging diagnosis requiring early treatment. The diagnostic criteria involve clinical, laboratory, and complementary tests. This review aims to draw pediatrician attention to this diagnosis, suggesting early treatment strategies, and proposing a pediatric emergency care flowchart. Sources: The PubMed/MEDLINE/WHO COVID-19 databases were reviewed for original and review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case series, and recommendations from medical societies and health organizations published through July 3, 2020. The reference lists of the selected articles were manually searched to identify any additional articles. Summary of the findings: COVID-19 infection is less severe in children than in adults, but can present as MIS-C, even in patients without comorbidities. There is evidence of an exacerbated inflammatory response with potential systemic injury, and it may present with aspects similar to those of Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, and macrophage activation syndrome. MIS-C can develop weeks after COVID-19 infection, suggesting an immunomediated cause. The most frequent clinical manifestations include fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, rash, mucous membrane changes, and cardiac dysfunction. Elevated inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, and coagulopathy are common laboratory findings. Supportive treatment and early immunomodulation can control the intense inflammatory response and reduce complications and mortality. Conclusions: MIS-C associated with COVID-19 is serious, rare, and potentially fatal. The emergency department pediatrician must recognize and treat it early using immunomodulatory strategies to reduce systemic injury. Further studies are needed to identify the disease pathogenesis and establish the most appropriate treatment.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.004 644 downloads

Changing the view: impact of simulation-based mastery learning in pediatric tracheal intubation with videolaryngoscopy
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Couto, Thomaz Bittencourt

; Reis, Amélia G.

; Farhat, Sylvia C.L.

; Carvalho, Vitor E.L.

; Schvartsman, Claudio

Jornal de Pediatria

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Fev 2021, Volume 97 Nº 1 Páginas 30 - 36

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of a training program using simulation-based mastery learning on the performance of residents in pediatric intubations with videolaryngoscopy. Method: Retrospective cohort study carried out in a tertiary pediatric hospital between July 2016 and June 2018 evaluating a database that included the performance of residents before and after training, as well as the outcome of tracheal intubations. A total of 59 pediatric residents were evaluated in the pre-training with a skills’ checklist in the scenario with an intubation simulator; subsequently, they were trained individually using a simulator and deliberate practice in the department itself. After training, the residents were expected to have a minimum passing grade (90/100) in a simulated scenario. The success of the first attempted intubation, use of videolaryngoscopy, and complications in patients older than 1 year of age during the study period were also recorded in clinical practice. Results: Before training, the mean grade was 77.5/100 (SD 15.2), with only 23.7% (14/59) of residents reaching the minimum passing grade of 90/100. After training, 100% of the residents reached the grade, with an average of 94.9/100 (SD 3.2), p < 0.01, with only 5.1% (3/59) needing more practice time than that initially allocated. The success rate in the first attempt at intubation in the emergency department with videolaryngoscopy was 77.8% (21/27). The rate of adverse events associated with intubations was 26% (7/27), representing a serious event. Conclusions: Simulation-based mastery learning increased residents’ skills related to intubation and allowed safe tracheal intubations with video laryngoscopy.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.12.007 199 downloads

Differences in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cohort study in a Brazilian tertiary referral hospital
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Marques, Heloisa Helena de Sousa

; Pereira, Maria Fernanda Badue

; Santos, Angélica Carreira dos

; Fink, Thais Toledo

; Paula, Camila Sanson Yoshino de

; Litvinov, Nadia

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Delgado, Artur Figueiredo

; Gibelli, Maria Augusta Bento Cicaroni

; Carvalho, Werther Brunow de

; Odone Filho, Vicente

; Tannuri, Uenis

; Carneiro-Sampaio, Magda

; Grisi, Sandra

; Duarte, Alberto José da Silva

; Antonangelo, Leila

; Francisco, Rossana Pucineli Vieira

; Okay, Thelma Suely

; Batisttella, Linamara Rizzo

; Carvalho, Carlos Roberto Ribeiro de

; Brentani, Alexandra Valéria Maria

; Silva, Clovis Artur

; Eisencraft, Adriana Pasmanik

; Rossi Junior, Alfio

; Fante, Alice Lima

; Cora, Aline Pivetta

; Reis, Amelia Gorete A. de Costa

; Ferrer, Ana Paula Scoleze

; Andrade, Anarella Penha Meirelles de

; Watanabe, Andreia

; Gonçalves, Angelina Maria Freire

; Waetge, Aurora Rosaria Pagliara

; Silva, Camila Altenfelder

; Ceneviva, Carina

; Lazari, Carolina dos Santos

; Abellan, Deipara Monteiro

; Santos, Emilly Henrique dos

; Sabino, Ester Cerdeira

; Bianchini, Fabíola Roberta Marim

; Alcantara, Flávio Ferraz de Paes

; Ramos, Gabriel Frizzo

; Leal, Gabriela Nunes

; Rodriguez, Isadora Souza

; Pinho, João Renato Rebello

; Carneiro, Jorge David Avaizoglou

; Paz, Jose Albino

; Ferreira, Juliana Carvalho

; Ferranti, Juliana Ferreira

; Ferreira, Juliana de Oliveira Achili

; Framil, Juliana Valéria de Souza

; Silva, Katia Regina da

; Kanunfre, Kelly Aparecida

; Bastos, Karina Lucio de Medeiros

; Galleti, Karine Vusberg

; Cristofani, Lilian Maria

; Suzuki, Lisa

; Campos, Lucia Maria Arruda

; Perondi, Maria Beatriz de Moliterno

; Diniz, Maria de Fatima Rodrigues

; Fonseca, Maria Fernanda Mota

; Cordon, Mariana Nutti de Almeida

; Pissolato, Mariana

; Peres, Marina Silva

; Garanito, Marlene Pereira

; Imamura, Marta

; Dorna, Mayra de Barros

; Luglio, Michele

; Rocha, Mussya Cisotto

; Aikawa, Nadia Emi

; Degaspare, Natalia Viu

; Sakita, Neusa Keico

; Udsen, Nicole Lee

; Scudeller, Paula Gobi

; Gaiolla, Paula Vieira de Vincenzi

; Severini, Rafael da Silva Giannasi

; Rodrigues, Regina Maria

; Toma, Ricardo Katsuya

; Paula, Ricardo Iunis Citrangulo de

; Palmeira, Patricia

; Forsait, Silvana

; Farhat, Sylvia Costa Lima

; Sakano, Tânia Miyuki Shimoda

; Koch, Vera Hermina Kalika

; Cobello Junior, Vilson

Clinics

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2021, Volume 76 elocation e3488

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVES: To compare demographic/clinical/laboratory/treatments and outcomes among children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included patients diagnosed with pediatric COVID-19 (aged <18 years) between April 11, 2020 and April 22, 2021. During this period, 102/5,951 (1.7%) of all admissions occurred in neonates, children, and adolescents. Furthermore, 3,962 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection samples were processed in patients aged <18 years, and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 occurred in 155 (4%) inpatients and outpatients. Six/155 pediatric patients were excluded from the study. Therefore, the final group included 149 children and adolescents (n=97 inpatients and 52 outpatients) with positive SARS-CoV-2 results. RESULTS: The frequencies of sore throat, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache, myalgia, nausea, lymphopenia, pre-existing chronic conditions, immunosuppressive conditions, and autoimmune diseases were significantly reduced in children and adolescents (p<0.05). Likewise, the frequencies of enoxaparin use (p=0.037), current immunosuppressant use (p=0.008), vasoactive agents (p=0.045), arterial hypotension (p<0.001), and shock (p=0.024) were significantly lower in children than in adolescents. Logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 had increased odds ratios (ORs) for sore throat (OR 13.054; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.750-61.977; p=0.001), nausea (OR 8.875; 95% CI 1.660-47.446; p=0.011), and lymphopenia (OR 3.575; 95% CI 1.355-9.430; p=0.010), but also had less hospitalizations (OR 0.355; 95% CI 0.138-0.916; p=0.032). The additional logistic regression analysis on patients with preexisting chronic conditions (n=108) showed that death as an outcome was significantly associated with pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (OR 22.300; 95% CI 2.341-212.421; p=0.007) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (OR 11.261; 95% CI 1.189-106. 581; p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Half of the laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases occurred in adolescents. Individuals belonging to this age group had an acute systemic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatric SARS and MIS-C were the most important factors associated with the mortality rate in pediatric chronic conditions with COVID-19.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e3488

Severe clinical spectrum with high mortality in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome
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Pereira, Maria Fernanda Badue

; Litvinov, Nadia

; Farhat, Sylvia Costa Lima

; Eisencraft, Adriana Pasmanik

; Gibelli, Maria Augusta Bento Cicaroni

; Carvalho, Werther Brunow de

; Fernandes, Vinicius Rodrigues

; Fink, Thais de Toledo

; Framil, Juliana Valéria de Souza

; Galleti, Karine Vusberg

; Fante, Alice Lima

; Fonseca, Maria Fernanda Mota

; Watanabe, Andreia

; Paula, Camila Sanson Yoshino de

; Palandri, Giovanna Gavros

; Leal, Gabriela Nunes

; Diniz, Maria de Fatima Rodrigues

; Pinho, João Renato Rebello

; Silva, Clovis Artur

; Marques, Heloisa Helena de Sousa

; Rossi Junior, Alfio

; Delgado, Artur Figueiredo

; Andrade, Anarella Penha Meirelles de

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Sabino, Ester Cerdeira

; Rocha, Mussya Cisotto

; Kanunfre, Kelly Aparecida

; Okay, Thelma Suely

; Carneiro-Sampaio, Magda Maria Sales

; Jorge, Patricia Palmeira Daenekas

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2020, Volume 75 elocation e2209

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes of pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 471 samples collected from 371 patients (age<18 years) suspected of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The study group comprised 66/371 (18%) laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 patients: 61 (92.5%) patients tested positive on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2, and 5 (7.5%) patients tested positive on serological tests. MIS-C was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Center for Disease Control. RESULTS: MIS-C was diagnosed in 6/66 (9%) patients. The frequencies of diarrhea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain (67% vs. 22%, p=0.034); pediatric SARS (67% vs. 13%, p=0.008); hypoxemia (83% vs. 23%, p=0.006); and arterial hypotension (50% vs. 3%, p=0.004) were significantly higher in patients with MIS-C than in those without MIS-C. The frequencies of C-reactive protein levels >50 mg/L (83% vs. 25%, p=0.008) and D-dimer levels >1000 ng/mL (100% vs. 40%, p=0.007) and the median D-dimer, troponin T, and ferritin levels (p<0.05) were significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. The frequencies of pediatric intensive care unit admission (100% vs. 60%, p=0.003), mechanical ventilation (83% vs. 7%, p<0.001), vasoactive agent use (83% vs. 3%, p<0.001), shock (83% vs. 5%, p<0.001), cardiac abnormalities (100% vs. 2%, p<0.001), and death (67% vs. 3%, p<0.001) were also significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. Similarly, the frequencies of oxygen therapy (100% vs. 33%, p=0.003), intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (67% vs. 2%, p<0.001), aspirin therapy (50% vs. 0%, p<0.001), and current acute renal replacement therapy (50% vs. 2%, p=0.002) were also significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of MIS-C was significantly associated with gastrointestinal manifestations [odds ratio (OR)=10.98; 95%CI (95% confidence interval)=1.20-100.86; p=0.034] and hypoxemia [OR=16.85; 95%CI=1.34-211.80; p=0.029]. Further univariate analysis showed a positive association between MIS-C and death [OR=58.00; 95%CI=6.39-526.79; p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with MIS-C had a severe clinical spectrum with a high mortality rate. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating MIS-C in pediatric patients with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal involvement and hypoxemia.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e2209 2260 downloads

Sedation and analgesia for procedures in the pediatric emergency room,
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Ramalho, Carlos Eduardo

; Bretas, Pedro Messeder Caldeira

; Schvartsman, Claudio

; Reis, Amélia Gorete

Jornal de Pediatria

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2017, Volume 93 Supl. 1 Páginas 2 - 18

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Objetivo: Crianças e adolescentes necessitam frequentemente de sedação e analgesia em situações de emergência. Com o surgimento de novas opções terapêuticas, a obsolescência de outras e descobertas recentes das drogas já conhecidas, fez-se necessário uma nova revisão da literatura nessa área. Fontes dos dados: Revisão não sistemática na base de dados PubMed de estudos publicados até dezembro de 2016, inclusive artigos originais, artigos de revisão, revisões sistemáticas e metanálises. Também foram incluídos referências de livros-texto, publicações de agências reguladoras, além de artigos citados nas revisões e metanálises através de busca ativa. Síntese dos dados: Com base na literatura atual, são apresentados os conceitos de sedação e analgesia, os cuidados necessários com o paciente antes, durante e após a sedoanalgesia, além de indicações quanto à escolha apropriada dos fármacos de acordo com o procedimento a ser feito e o perfil de segurança desses. Conclusões: O emprego de protocolos de sedoanalgesia em procedimentos no pronto-socorro pediátrico deve orientar o profissional na escolha da medicação, do material adequado e na avaliação dos critérios de alta e garantir, assim, qualidade na assistência.

Abstract Objective: Children and adolescents often require sedation and analgesia in emergency situations. With the emergence of new therapeutic options, the obsolescence of others, and recent discoveries regarding already known drugs, it became necessary to review the literature in this area. Data sources: Non-systematic review in the PubMed database of studies published up to December 2016, including original articles, review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. References from textbooks, publications from regulatory agencies, and articles cited in reviews and meta-analyses through active search were also included. Data synthesis: Based on current literature, the concepts of sedation and analgesia, the necessary care with the patient before, during, and after sedoanalgesia, and indications related to the appropriate choice of drugs according to the procedure to be performed and their safety profiles are presented. Conclusions: The use of sedoanalgesia protocols in procedures in the pediatric emergency room should guide the professional in the choice of medication, the appropriate material, and in the evaluation of discharge criteria, thus assuring quality in care.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.07.009 15219 downloads

High-fidelity simulation versus case-based discussion for teaching medical students in Brazil about pediatric emergencies
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Couto, Thomaz Bittencourt

; Farhat, Sylvia C.L.

; Geis, Gary L.

; Olsen, Orjan

; Schvartsman, Claudio

Clinics

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Jun 2015, Volume 70 Nº 6 Páginas 393 - 399

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: To compare high-fidelity simulation with case-based discussion for teaching medical students about pediatric emergencies, as assessed by a knowledge post-test, a knowledge retention test and a survey of satisfaction with the method. METHODS: This was a non-randomized controlled study using a crossover design for the methods, as well as multiple-choice questionnaire tests and a satisfaction survey. Final-year medical students were allocated into two groups: group 1 participated in an anaphylaxis simulation and a discussion of a supraventricular tachycardia case, and conversely, group 2 participated in a discussion of an anaphylaxis case and a supraventricular tachycardia simulation. Students were tested on each theme at the end of their rotation (post-test) and 4-6 months later (retention test). RESULTS: Most students (108, or 66.3%) completed all of the tests. The mean scores for simulation versus case-based discussion were respectively 43.6% versus 46.6% for the anaphylaxis pre-test (p =0.42), 63.5% versus 67.8% for the post-test (p =0.13) and 61.5% versus 65.5% for the retention test (p =0.19). Additionally, the mean scores were respectively 33.9% versus 31.6% for the supraventricular tachycardia pre-test (p =0.44), 42.5% versus 47.7% for the post-test (p =0.09) and 41.5% versus 39.5% for the retention test (p =0.47). For both themes, there was improvement between the pre-test and the post-test (p <0.05), and no significant difference was observed between the post-test and the retention test (p >0.05). Moreover, the satisfaction survey revealed a preference for simulation (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: As a single intervention, simulation is not significantly different from case-based discussion in terms of acquisition and retention of knowledge but is superior in terms of student satisfaction.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(06)02 2618 downloads

10.

Early-life weight and weight gain as predictors of obesity in Brazilian adolescents
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Fernandes, Maria Teresa Bechere

; Ferraro, Alexandre Archanjo

; Pires, Adriana

; Santos, Erica

; Schvartsman, Claudio

Clinics

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Nov 2013, Volume 68 Nº 11 Páginas 1408 - 1412

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: To test whether weight and the weight gain rate during different age periods are associated with being overweight/obese at 10 years of age. METHODS: A nested case-control study was performed in a clinical historic cohort that was selected based on medical records from the Albert Einstein Hospital Social Program in São Paulo, Brazil. A sample of 378 eutrophic and overweight/obese children was analyzed. RESULTS: After adjusting for birth weight and gestational age, the likelihood of being overweight/obese at 10 years of age was 4.04-fold greater when progressing from one quartile of weight gain to the immediately superior quartile in the first semester of life and 3.24-fold greater when this occurred from 2-5 years of age. A one-quartile change in weight gain in the first semester was associated with a 0.5 z-score increase in BMI at age 10. A robust independent effect of weight at age 5 confirmed that earlier weight gain was an important predictor. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of weight gain during the first 6 months of life and between 2 and 5 years of age and weight at age 5 were important predictors of overweight/obesity at 10 years of age.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(11)04 1439 downloads

11.

Parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children
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Schvartsman, Claudio

; Farhat, Sylvia Costa Lima

; Schvartsman, Samuel

; Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento

Clinics

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Jul 2013, Volume 68 Nº 7 Páginas 934 - 939

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: To investigate parental smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children. METHODS: We performed a case-control study that included 105 children between 6 and 23 months of age who were divided into two groups: cases (children with 3 previous episodes of wheezing) and controls (healthy children without wheezing). The children's exposure to cigarette smoking was estimated using a questionnaire completed by the mothers and by the children's urinary cotinine levels. RESULTS: Based on both the questionnaire results and cotinine levels, exposure to cigarette smoking was higher in the households of cases in which the incidence of maternal smoking was significantly higher than that of paternal smoking. Children in this group were more affected by maternal smoking and by the total number of cigarettes smoked inside the house. Additionally, the questionnaire results indicated that the risk of wheezing was dose dependent. The presence of allergic components, such as atopic dermatitis and siblings with allergic rhinitis and asthma, greatly increased the odds ratio when wheezing was associated with cotinine levels. CONCLUSION: Children exposed to tobacco smoke have an increased risk of developing wheezing syndrome. This risk increases in association with the number of cigarettes smoked inside the house and the presence of other allergic components in the family.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(07)08 2025 downloads

12.

Avaliação e transporte da criança traumatizada
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Schvartsman, Claudio

; Carrera, Renato

; Abramovici, Sulim

Jornal de Pediatria

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Nov 2005, Volume 81 Nº 5 Páginas s223 - s229

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Devido ao impacto determinado pelo trauma na população infanto-juvenil no que diz respeito à mortalidade, morbidade e conseqüências sociais geradas, nossos objetivos concentram-se nas peculiaridades da avaliação pré-hospitalar, em ambiente hospitalar e ainda durante o transporte do paciente traumatizado pediátrico. FONTES DE DADOS: Pesquisa eletrônica realizada nas bases Cochrane para revisões sistemáticas e estudos controlados, MEDLINE e LILACS nos últimos 5 anos e revisão de referências anteriores em publicações significativas, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: trauma, trauma pediátrico, exame primário, exame secundário, atendimento hospitalar, transporte pré-hospitalar e inter-hospitalar. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Diferentes estratégias compõem a sistematização do atendimento de crianças e adolescentes traumatizados. Entretanto, quase todas comportam a necessidade de conhecer as particularidades da população a ser tratada, no que diz respeito à idade, ao processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento e, finalmente, compondo o atendimento com os recursos minimamente aceitáveis e disponíveis. CONCLUSÕES: O princípio de maior importância diz respeito a não determinar lesão adicional. Mantendo a visão sistemática das diferentes peculiaridades quanto à abordagem das vias aéreas, ventilação, circulação com controle de hemorragias, exame minineurológico e exposição, além do exame secundário, com o preparo do transporte pré-hospitalar e inter-hospitalar quando necessário, serão esperados melhores resultados.

OBJECTIVES: Since trauma has a great impact on mortality and preventable morbidity among children and adolescents, in addition to its social consequences, the aim of this study is to evaluate peculiarities regarding prehospital, in-hospital, and interhospital assessment of injured pediatric patients. SOURCES OF DATA: The Cochrane database was searched for systematic reviews and controlled trials, the MEDLINE and LILACS databases were used for the last 5 years, and review of older reference sections in significant publications using trauma, pediatric trauma, primary survey, secondary survey, in-hospital assessment, prehospital and transportation as keywords. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There are different strategies that constitute the systematic assessment of the injured pediatric patient. Nevertheless, almost all strategies involve knowing the peculiarities about the pediatric population, with regard to age, to the growth and development process, and finally, to the minimally acceptable and available resources. CONCLUSIONS: The most important principle is to do no further harm. If the peculiarities about airway maintenance, ventilation, circulation with hemorrhage control, disability, exposure up to secondary survey and preparation of prehospital and interhospital transportation are properly taken care of, better results will certainly be obtained.

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